Interview Questions

Normalization organizes tables to reduce redundancy and avoid update anomalies, via normal forms (1NF–3NF/BCNF). It improves data integrity but can require more joins; denormalization is sometimes used for read performance.

Atomicity (all-or-nothing transactions), Consistency (valid state transitions), Isolation (concurrent transactions don't interfere), Durability (committed data survives crashes). They guarantee reliable transaction processing in relational databases.