Vertical scaling adds more power (CPU/RAM) to one machine — simple but capped and a single point of failure. Horizontal scaling adds more machines — more complex (load balancing, data partitioning) but elastic and fault-tolerant.
System Design· asked at Generic✓ Added to review
DNS resolves the domain to an IP, a TCP (and TLS for HTTPS) connection is established, the browser sends an HTTP request, the server responds with HTML, then the browser parses HTML/CSS/JS, builds the DOM/CSSOM, and renders — fetching additional assets as needed.
System Design· asked at Google✓ Added to review
Generate a unique short code (base62 of an auto-increment ID or a hash) mapping to the long URL in a key-value/relational store. Add caching (Redis) for hot reads, a redirect service returning 301/302, analytics, and consider sharding + a counter service for scale.
System Design· asked at Amazon✓ Added to review
In a distributed system you can guarantee at most two of Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance. Since network partitions are unavoidable, you effectively choose between consistency (CP) and availability (AP) during a partition.
System Design· asked at Meta✓ Added to review
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